By clemence
Over the past decades, Mexico has experienced intense drug related violence involving major cartels and amounting in some instances to non-international armed conflict (NIAC). During the reporting period two NIACs have been identified, one between Mexico and the Cartel Jalisco Nueva Generación (CJNG) and another between the CJNG and the Cartel de Santa Rosa de … Continued
By clemence
Since unification in 1990, Yemen has experienced deepening fragmentation driven by northern and southern grievances, the rise of the Houthi movement, al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) expansion and the collapse of the post-2011 transition government. After the Houthis seized Sana’a in 2014, the internationally recognised government (IRG) was forced into exile and a Saudi-led … Continued
By clemence
Relations between Iran and the United States have been characterized by enduring tensions since the 1979 Islamic Revolution and the hostage crisis. More recent frictions centred on Iran’s nuclear programme and closely intertwined with the parallel Iran-Israel armed conflict. In June 2025, following reciprocal Iran-Israel strikes and renewed concerns about Iran’s nuclear activities, the United … Continued
By clemence
The hostilities between Israel and Iran during the reporting period formed the latest escalation in a longstanding enmity dating back to Iran’s 1979 Islamic Revolution. They were rooted in a protracted dispute over Iran’s nuclear programme, which Israel portrays as an existential threat while Iran presents it as peaceful. In early October 2024, Iran fired … Continued
By clemence
The July 2025 hostilities between Cambodia and Thailand stemmed from a decades-long border dispute around the Preah Vihear and Ta Muen Thom temples, only partially settled by International Court of Justice rulings and preceded by lethal clashes in 2011. Thailand’s internal instability, marked by recurrent coups, contested elections, dissolution of a political party, and a … Continued
By clemence
Since independence, Niger has combined close external ties, notably with France and other security partners, with recurrent coups and structural fragilities that fuel armed violence in Diffa, Tillabéri and other regions. From 2013, international counterterrorism deployments by France, the United States, and European missions shaped responses to Boko Haram, Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), and … Continued
By juliette
United States-Venezuela relations shifted from partnership to confrontation after 1999, as Venezuela’s anti-imperialist stance, alliances with Cuba, China, Russia and Iran, and US sanctions and narco-trafficking accusations deepened tensions. In September 2025, the United States launched Operation Southern Spear, a maritime strike campaign against boats alleged to be linked to drug trafficking near Venezuela which … Continued
By eugenie
Since 1960 Nigeria has combined ethnographic and religious diversity with recurrent and evolving violence. Since 2009, the north-east has seen prolonged insurgency by Boko Haram and its splinter group, Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP). Despite earlier military gains by Nigerian armed forces supported by the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) in 2015–16, security has … Continued
By clemence
The present armed conflicts between Israel and Palestinian actors stem from the end of the British Mandate, the 1948–49 war and mass displacement, and were reshaped by the 1967 Six Day War, after which Israel occupied the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip. In the West Bank, prolonged belligerent occupation, Oslo-based interim … Continued
By clemence
Haiti’s trajectory since its 1804 independence has been shaped by external economic pressures, recurrent coups, authoritarian rule and foreign interventions, which weakened institutions and fostered coercive governance. Democratic openings repeatedly reversed and were compounded by major natural disasters that further degraded public services. Since 2011, stalled reconstruction, corruption allegations, and contested elections contributed to State … Continued